{"id":2800,"date":"2025-04-29T16:50:49","date_gmt":"2025-04-29T16:50:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/samso.eco\/apagada-electrica-una-llico-de-vulnerabilitat-desinformacio-i-futur-energetic\/"},"modified":"2025-04-30T14:50:28","modified_gmt":"2025-04-30T14:50:28","slug":"apagada-electrica","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/samso.eco\/ca\/apagada-electrica\/","title":{"rendered":"Apagada el\u00e8ctrica: una lli\u00e7\u00f3 de vulnerabilitat, desinformaci\u00f3 i futur energ\u00e8tic"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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L\u2019apagada del passat 28 d\u2019abril, encara que va ser breu, va ser suficient per evidenciar l\u2019enorme depend\u00e8ncia de la nostra societat del subministrament el\u00e8ctric. En poques hores, es va fer palesa la fragilitat d\u2019un sistema que, malgrat la seva rellev\u00e0ncia quotidiana, continua sent for\u00e7a desconegut per a la ciutadania. <\/p>

A la incomoditat immediata provocada per la manca d\u2019energia, s\u2019hi va sumar un efecte secundari igualment preocupant: la desinformaci\u00f3. Aquesta es va estendre r\u00e0pidament, alimentada per rumors i per una manca general de coneixement sobre el funcionament d\u2019un sistema el\u00e8ctric complex que rarament ocupa un lloc central en el debat p\u00fablic. <\/p>

Cal subratllar que Red El\u00e9ctrica Espa\u00f1ola ha demostrat hist\u00f2ricament una fiabilitat exemplar. Justament per aix\u00f2, el seu paper ha quedat sovint relegat de l\u2019atenci\u00f3 p\u00fablica, quan hauria de formar part del coneixement b\u00e0sic ciutad\u00e0. <\/p><\/div>

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Comprendre l\u2019incident: freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia, in\u00e8rcia i tecnologies de generaci\u00f3<\/strong><\/h5><\/div><\/div>

Tot i que encara s\u2019investiguen les causes exactes, hi ha conceptes b\u00e0sics que ajuden a entendre qu\u00e8 va passar. Un d\u2019ells \u00e9s la freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia<\/strong> del sistema el\u00e8ctric, que a Europa es mant\u00e9 coordinadament en 50 Hz. Aquesta freq\u00fc\u00e8ncia est\u00e0 estretament relacionada amb la in\u00e8rcia<\/strong> dels generadors s\u00edncrons \u2014com els de les centrals nuclears, de cogeneraci\u00f3, de gas, carb\u00f3, petroli, solar t\u00e8rmica i hidr\u00e0ulica\u2014, la massa rotat\u00f2ria dels quals proporciona estabilitat al sistema. <\/p>

En canvi, les tecnologies com la solar fotovoltaica i l\u2019e\u00f2lica depenen de convertidors electr\u00f2nics que, excepte si utilitzen inversors espec\u00edfics com els \u201cgrid-forming\u201d, no aporten in\u00e8rcia f\u00edsica.<\/p>

Un altre criteri essencial per avaluar les tecnologies energ\u00e8tiques \u00e9s la seva capacitat de gesti\u00f3<\/strong>, \u00e9s a dir, la possibilitat d\u2019ajustar r\u00e0pidament la producci\u00f3 segons la demanda. Aix\u00ed, encara que l\u2019energia nuclear proporciona estabilitat gr\u00e0cies a la in\u00e8rcia, la seva rigidesa operativa impedeix que actu\u00ef amb agilitat en situacions d\u2019emerg\u00e8ncia o de canvi operatiu. Passades 24 hores de l\u2019incident, el sistema encara no comptava amb generaci\u00f3 nuclear. <\/p><\/div>

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Desmitificant el 28 d\u2019abril<\/strong><\/h5>

Contr\u00e0riament a alguns discursos alarmistes, el 28 d\u2019abril no va ser el dia amb m\u00e9s generaci\u00f3 renovable.<\/strong> Dies anteriors, com el 16 i 17 d\u2019abril, van registrar una quota renovable superior durant les hores centrals del dia. A m\u00e9s, aquell dia l\u2019energia nuclear estava parcialment operativa<\/strong>, amb m\u00e9s de 3,5 GW aportats al sistema dels 7,1 GW instal\u00b7lats. <\/p>

A les 12 h del 28 d\u2019abril, la generaci\u00f3 fotovoltaica i e\u00f2lica representava el 72,03 % del total a la pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e8rica. Aquest percentatge \u00e9s coherent amb la mitjana de les darreres setmanes, que se situa entorn del 70 %, i que en alguns moments ha superat el 78 %.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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El 28 d’abril ens obliga a pensar a nivell de sistema, en variables com l’estabilitat (\u00e9s a dir, la robustesa que aporten la in\u00e8rcia dels motors s\u00edncrons) i la flexibilitat (capacitat de gesti\u00f3 i resposta de les diferents tecnologies). A l’efecte de pol\u00edtica energ\u00e8tica, de decisions a llarg termini sobre les fonts de generaci\u00f3, no haur\u00edem d’oblidar-nos d’altres dues variables: el LCOE o cost de produir energia segons tecnologia (fotovoltaica, e\u00f2lica i hidr\u00e0ulica milloren la nostra competitivitat econ\u00f2mica) i la seva sostenibilitat (en termes tant d’emissions com de residus i altres variables). I quina tecnologia aporta in\u00e8rcia, \u00e9s gestionable, barata i neta? La hidr\u00e0ulica. I com es gestiona (explota seria el terme m\u00e9s adequat) aquesta tecnologia? Amb criteris de rendibilitat, que no de suport al sistema el\u00e8ctric. <\/p>

Aquesta situaci\u00f3, tot i ser paradoxal per tractar-se d\u2019una font amb costos marginals pr\u00e0cticament nuls, s\u2019ha convertit en habitual. De fet, segons l\u2019informe anual d\u2019OMIE del 2023, l\u2019energia hidr\u00e0ulica va fixar el preu de la llum en un 34,5 % de les hores de l\u2019any. Aix\u00f2 demostra que la seva entrada al sistema es regeix m\u00e9s per criteris d\u2019oportunitat econ\u00f2mica que per la l\u00f2gica de l\u2019operaci\u00f3 del sistema.
Potser ha arribat el moment de debatre quins actius han de funcionar prioritzant l\u2019inter\u00e8s general. En altres pa\u00efsos, la hidr\u00e0ulica \u00e9s gestionada pel TSO en funci\u00f3 de les necessitats del sistema i de la planificaci\u00f3 estrat\u00e8gica de l\u2019aigua. No parlem necess\u00e0riament de gesti\u00f3 p\u00fablica, sin\u00f3 de decidir quan ha d\u2019operar. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Pensar i actuar com abans o aprendre per repensar el futur? M\u00e9s recursos distribu\u00efts versus a models centralitzats i en poques mans <\/strong><\/h5>

Davant els reptes que ha evidenciat l\u2019apagada, l\u2019agregaci\u00f3 de petits recursos de generaci\u00f3, emmagatzematge i gesti\u00f3 de la demanda es presenta com una alternativa robusta i democratitzadora.<\/p>

Els recursos distribu\u00efts ofereixen redund\u00e0ncia natural, reduint els riscos d\u2019interrupci\u00f3 en diversificar les fonts. Amb tecnologia avan\u00e7ada, poden proporcionar serveis similars als de les grans instal\u00b7lacions, optimitzant la xarxa i reduint p\u00e8rdues. A m\u00e9s, prioritzar la fabricaci\u00f3 i control europeu refor\u00e7a la sobirania tecnol\u00f2gica i la seguretat. <\/p>

Lli\u00e7ons de l\u2019apagada: cap a un sistema m\u00e9s robust i distribu\u00eft<\/strong><\/h5>

La resposta al 28 d\u2019abril ha de ser serena i enfocada al futur, no reactiva ni condicionada per interessos particulars.<\/p>

  1. Mix energ\u00e8tic equilibrat:<\/strong> Cal prioritzar fonts netes, rendibles, robustes i gestionables. Si l\u2019energia renovable \u00e9s estrat\u00e8gica, amb lideratge de l\u2019e\u00f2lica i la fotovoltaica, la hidr\u00e0ulica \u00e9s la clau per la seva capacitat de resposta r\u00e0pida. <\/li>
  2. Emmagatzematge i sistemes distribu\u00efts:<\/strong> \u00c9s urgent accelerar la implantaci\u00f3 de bateries, hidr\u00e0ulica reversible i autoconsum intel\u00b7ligent que pugui operar de forma a\u00efllada en situacions cr\u00edtiques.<\/li>
  3. Ciberseguretat i digitalitzaci\u00f3: <\/strong>Tant les grans centrals com les petites instal\u00b7lacions han de complir els est\u00e0ndards de protecci\u00f3 de dades i seguretat, gestionant la informaci\u00f3 des de la UE. <\/li><\/ol>
    1. M\u00e9s interconnexions: <\/strong>Cal debatre si s\u00f3n per exportar o per refor\u00e7ar la robustesa del sistema. En tot cas, un sistema renovable necessita una millor interconnexi\u00f3. L\u2019alternativa \u00e9s una major depend\u00e8ncia dels combustibles f\u00f2ssils i m\u00e9s emissions, o menys robustesa amb renovables a\u00efllades. <\/li><\/ol>
      Un moment clau per definir el nostre futur energ\u00e8tic<\/strong><\/h5>

      No podem permetre que un incident excepcional serveixi d\u2019excusa per frenar la transici\u00f3 cap a un model renovable i distribu\u00eft. Seria un greu error tornar a sistemes centralitzats i dependents de combustibles f\u00f2ssils, especialment en un context de crisi clim\u00e0tica i geopol\u00edtica. <\/p>

      No podem concloure que l\u2019apagada justifica frenar les renovables, ja que aix\u00f2 limitaria la nostra sobirania i compet\u00e8ncia energ\u00e8tica.<\/p>

      Espanya lidera en renovables i construeix una reindustrialitzaci\u00f3 sostenible gr\u00e0cies a costos competitius. \u00c9s el moment de consolidar un model on l\u2019inter\u00e8s p\u00fablic<\/strong> sigui el principi rector: renovable, competitiu, participat, segur i resilient. <\/p>

      L\u2019apagada del 28 d\u2019abril ha de ser un punt d\u2019inflexi\u00f3 per refor\u00e7ar les fortaleses, corregir vulnerabilitats i avan\u00e7ar cap a un sistema energ\u00e8tic m\u00e9s intel\u00b7ligent, just i sostenible.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

      L\u2019apagada del passat 28 d\u2019abril, encara que va ser breu, va ser suficient per evidenciar l\u2019enorme depend\u00e8ncia de la nostra societat del subministrament el\u00e8ctric. En poques hores, es va fer palesa la fragilitat d\u2019un sistema que, malgrat la seva rellev\u00e0ncia quotidiana, continua sent for\u00e7a desconegut per a la ciutadania. A la incomoditat immediata provocada per […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":2785,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2800","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-sin-categorizar-ca"],"yoast_head":"\nApagada el\u00e8ctrica - Samso<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"L\u2019apagada del passat 28 d\u2019abril, encara que va ser breu, va ser suficient per evidenciar l\u2019enorme depend\u00e8ncia de la nostra societat del subministrament el\u00e8ctric.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/samso.eco\/ca\/apagada-electrica\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ca_ES\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Apagada el\u00e8ctrica - 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